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Abstract Observations of HCN and HCO + have been carried out toward 13 planetary nebulae (PNe) using the facilities of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). These nebulae represent a wide range of morphologies and ages (∼2000–28,000 yr). For both molecules, the J = 1 → 0 transitions at 88–89 GHz and the J = 3 → 2 lines at 265–267 GHz were measured, together with CO lines ( J = 1 → 0, 2 → 1, and 3 → 2, depending on the source), using the ARO 12 m and Submillimeter Telescopes. HCN and HCO + were detected with at least one transition in 10 nebulae: He 2-459, Hu 1-1, K3-52, K3-65, M1-8, M1-40, M1-59, M2-53, M4-17, and NGC 6445. HCO + was additionally identified via two transitions in Na 2. Some observed line profiles were complex, with multiple velocity components tracing varied outflows. From radiative transfer modeling, column densities were established for HCN and HCO + : N tot (HCN) = 0.005–1.1 × 10 14 and N tot (HCO + ) = 0.008–9.5 × 10 13 cm −2 . Gas densities of n (H 2 ) ∼ 10 5 –10 7 cm −3 were also determined for all PNe. Fractional abundances with respect to H 2 , calculated using CO as a proxy, are f (HCN) ∼ 0.2–1.5 × 10 −7 and f (HCO + ) ∼ 0.3–5.1 × 10 −8 . The abundances of HCN and HCO + did not significantly vary with nebular age to 28,000 yr. Combined with previous observations, at least 30 PNe contain HCN and/or HCO + , indicating that polyatomic molecules are common constituents of these objects. The data strongly support a scenario where dense ejecta from PNe seed the interstellar medium with molecular material. 

Grading adhesive properties across a bondline can lead to more unniform stresses and increased strength without altering the geometry of the adherends. In this research, radiation sensitizers have been added to adhesives to create a secondary cross-linking possibility that is activated with radiation. In this way the adhesive stiffness and strength can be controlled by controlling the exposure to radition. In this paper, a system of grading adhesive properties is introduced and the double cantilver beam test results show that the gradation not only changes stiffness and strength, but also mode I fracture properties. Additionally, specimens were created with graded properties along the bondline and test results will be presented in the final paper. 

Mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary coin- cides with the Chicxulub bolide impact and also falls within the broader time frame of Deccan trap emplacement. Critically, though, empirical evidence as to how either of these factors could have driven observed extinction patterns and carbon cycle perturbations is still lacking. Here, using boron isotopes in foraminifera, we docu- ment a geologically rapid surface-ocean pH drop following the Chicxulub impact, supporting impact-induced ocean acidification as a mechanism for ecological collapse in the marine realm. Subsequently, surface water pH rebounded sharply with the extinction of marine calcifiers and the associated imbalance in the global carbon cycle. Our reconstructed water-column pH gradients, combined with Earth sys- tem modeling, indicate that a partial ∼50% reduction in global ma- rine primary productivity is sufficient to explain observed marine carbon isotope patterns at the K-Pg, due to the underlying action of the solubility pump. While primary productivity recovered within a few tens of thousands of years, inefficiency in carbon export to the deep sea lasted much longer. This phased recovery scenario recon- ciles competing hypotheses previously put forward to explain the K-Pg carbon isotope records, and explains both spatially variable patterns of change in marine productivity across the event and a lack of extinction at the deep sea floor. In sum, we provide insights into the drivers of the last mass extinction, the recovery of marine carbon cycling in a postextinction world, and the way in which ma- rine life imprints its isotopic signal onto the geological record. 

We explore the evolution of slow slip on the Cascadia megathrust during two large episodic tremor and slip events and compare stress changes to the spatial evolution of tremor from Pacific Northwest Seismic Network tremor locations. We used displacement time series from ~72 GPS stations, along with the Extended Network Inversion Filter to solve for the time‐dependent fault slip. The 2010 (Mw6.8) and 2012 (Mw6.8) events propagated northward and southward, respectively, allowing us to assess directional effects on slip behavior. We observed that tremor occurs on the leading edge of propagating slipping regions, well ahead of the highest slip rates, independent of the along‐strike propagation direction. Resolution tests using the actual tremor distributions to generate synthetic data show that our result of peak tremor rates leading peak slip rates is not due to biases introduced by temporal smoothing. Calculated stress changes due to the time‐dependent slip distributions imply that tremor is sensitive to kilopascals of stress, consistent with studies of tidally triggered tremor. Within the resolution of our model, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that significant tremor is triggered by stresses ahead of the highest slip rates. We also observe ongoing slip continuing several days after tremor has passed. Our observations are consistent with some numerical models of tremor patches that suggest that this behavior can be explained by densely packed asperities resulting in somewhat crack‐like propagation rather than a slip pulse that is as concentrated as the tremor activity.

 

Abstract A search for time-directional coincidences of ultra-high-energy (UHE) photons above 10 EeV with gravitational wave (GW) events from the LIGO/Virgo runs O1 to O3 is conducted with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Due to the distinctive properties of photon interactions and to the background expected from hadronic showers, a subset of the most interesting GW events is selected based on their localization quality and distance. Time periods of 1000 s around and 1 day after the GW events are analyzed. No coincidences are observed. Upper limits on the UHE photon fluence from a GW event are derived that are typically at ∼7 MeV cm −2 (time period 1000 s) and ∼35 MeV cm −2 (time period 1 day). Due to the proximity of the binary neutron star merger GW170817, the energy of the source transferred into UHE photons above 40 EeV is constrained to be less than 20% of its total GW energy. These are the first limits on UHE photons from GW sources. 

Abstract We use the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory to search for air showers initiated by photons with an energy above 10 19 eV. Photons in the zenith angle range from 30 ∘ to 60 ∘ can be identified in the overwhelming background of showers initiated by charged cosmic rays through the broader time structure of the signals induced in the water-Cherenkov detectors of the array and the steeper lateral distribution of shower particles reaching ground. Applying the search method to data collected between January 2004 and June 2020, upper limits at 95% CL are set to an E -2 diffuse flux of ultra-high energy photons above 10 19 eV, 2 × 10 19 eV and 4 × 10 19 eV amounting to 2.11 × 10 -3 , 3.12 × 10 -4 and 1.72 × 10 -4  km -2  sr -1  yr -1 , respectively. While the sensitivity of the present search around 2 × 10 19 eV approaches expectations of cosmogenic photon fluxes in the case of a pure-proton composition, it is one order of magnitude above those from more realistic mixed-composition models. The inferred limits have also implications for the search of super-heavy dark matter that are discussed and illustrated. 

Abstract In this work we present the interpretation of the energy spectrum and mass composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration above 6 × 10 17 eV. We use an astrophysical model with two extragalactic source populations to model the hardening of the cosmic-ray flux at around 5 × 10 18 eV (the so-called “ankle” feature) as a transition between these two components. We find our data to be well reproduced if sources above the ankle emit a mixed composition with a hard spectrum and a low rigidity cutoff. The component below the ankle is required to have a very soft spectrum and a mix of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei. The origin of this intermediate-mass component is not well constrained and it could originate from either Galactic or extragalactic sources.To the aim of evaluating our capability to constrain astrophysical models, we discuss the impact on the fit results of the main experimental systematic uncertainties and of the assumptions about quantities affecting the air shower development as well as the propagation and redshift distribution of injected ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).